angaroos or kangaroo is a mammal that has a pouch (marsupials). These animals include animals typically Australian. The word kangaroo is taken from gangguru Aboriginal language.
Contents
[hide]

Kanguru Abu-abu Timur betina dengan
* 1 Zoology
o 1.1 Makropod
* 2 Physical Description
* 3 Reference
* 4 See also
* 5 External links

[edit] Zoology

There are three species of kangaroo:

Red kangaroo
Red Kangaroo is the largest marsupial animal is still alive. When standing height can reach more than 2 meters and weighs up to 90 kg. Kangaroo species usually move in large groups. They sleep in the afternoon when the hot weather. If there is no water, they will seek moisture from green plants. They also will only multiply when there is rain and grow new plants.
Kangaroo Eastern Gray
Kangaroo Eastern Gray can be found in the fertile eastern part of Australia.
Gray kangaroo West
Gray kangaroos can be found in Western Australia western part, southern Australia near the coast and the Darling River basin. Gray kangaroos are many in number. They live in eucalyptus forests and open grassy areas. They eat grass.

[edit] Makropod

In addition, there are 60 smaller makropod still associated with the kangaroos are:

* Tree Kangaroo. This type of kangaroo lives in trees. By day they sleep in the branches of trees. At night they eat leaves and fruit. Tree kangaroos can be found in the tropical rain forest in dense northeastern Australia and New Guinea. Several tree kangaroos are protected animals. Most of them are nearly extinct due to destruction of the environment.
* Wallabi
* Wallaroo
* Quokka

[edit] Physical Description

Kangaroo has two strong hind legs, large feet designed for leaping. Kangaroos jump with a speed usually 20-25 km / hour. But they can jump up to speed to 70 km / hour. Kangaroo life expectancy of about 9-18 years. Although sometimes there are kangaroos can survive up to 28 years

Squid

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For other uses, see Squid (disambiguation).

Squid Fossil range: (at least) Late Cretaceous–Recent[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Mastigoteuthis flammea, a species of whip-lash squid
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda Subclass: Coleoidea Superorder: Decapodiformes Order: Teuthida A. Naef, 1916b
Suborders
†Plesioteuthididae (incertae sedis) Myopsina Oegopsina

Squid are marine cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms and two longer tentacles arranged in pairs. (The only known exception is the bigfin squid group, which have ten very long, thin arms of equal length.)

Contents [hide] 1 Modification from ancestral forms 2 Anatomy 2.1 Nervous system 2.2 Reproductive system 2.3 Digestive system 2.4 Cardiovascular system 2.5 Head 2.6 Size 3 Classification 4 Commercial fishing 5 As food 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Modification from ancestral forms

Squid have differentiated from their ancestral molluscs in such a way that the body plan has been condensed antero-posteriorly and extended dorso-ventrally. What before may have been the foot of the ancestor is now modified into a complex set of tentacles and highly developed sense organs, including advanced eyes similar to those of vertebrates.

The shell of the ancestor has been lost, with only an internal gladius, or pen, remaining. The pen is a feather-shaped internal structure which supports the squid's mantle and serves as a site for muscle attachment. It is made of a chitin-like substance.

[edit] Anatomy

European Squid (Loligo vulgaris)

The main body mass of the squid is enclosed in the mantle, which has a swimming fin along each side. These fins, unlike in other marine organisms, are not the main source of locomotion in most species.

The skin of the squid is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change color to suit its surroundings, making it effectively invisible. The underside of the squid is also almost always lighter in color than the topside, to provide camouflage from both prey and predator.

Under the body are openings to the mantle cavity, which contains the gills (ctenidia) and openings to the excretory and reproductive systems. At the front of the mantle cavity lies the siphon, which the squid uses for locomotion via precise jet propulsion. In this form of locomotion, water is sucked into the mantle cavity and expelled out of the siphon in a fast, strong jet. The direction of the siphon can be changed, to suit the direction of travel.

Inside the mantle cavity, beyond the siphon, lies the visceral mass of the squid, which is covered by a thin, membranous epidermis. Under this are all the major internal organs of the squid.

[edit] Nervous system

The giant axon of the squid, which may be up to 1 mm in diameter in some larger species, innervates the mantle and controls part of the jet propulsion system.

As a cephalopod, squid exhibit relatively high intelligence among invertebrates. For example, groups of Humboldt squid hunt cooperatively, using active communication. (See Cephalopod intelligence.)

[edit] Reproductive system

Egg cases laid by the female squid

In female squid, the ink sac is hidden from view by a pair of white nidamental glands, which lie anterior to the gills. There are also red-spotted accessory nidamental glands. Both of these organs are associated with manufacture of food supplies and shells for the eggs. Females also have a large translucent ovary, situated towards the posterior of the visceral mass.

Male squid do not possess these organs, but instead have a large testis in place of the ovary, and a spermatophoric gland and sac. In mature males, this sac may contain spermatophores, which are placed inside the mantle of the female during mating.

[edit] Digestive system

Squid, like all cephalopods, have complex digestive systems. Food is transported into a muscular stomach, found roughly in the midpoint of the visceral mass. The bolus is then transported into the caecum for digestion. The caecum, a long, white organ, is found next to the ovary or testis. In mature squid, more priority is given to reproduction and so the stomach and caecum often shrivel up during the later stages of life. Finally, food goes to the liver (or digestive gland), found at the siphon end of the squid, for absorption. Solid waste is passed out of the rectum. Beside the rectum is the ink sac, which allows a squid to discharge a black ink into the mantle cavity at short notice.

[edit] Cardiovascular system

Ventral view of the viscera of Chtenopteryx sicula

Squid have three hearts. Two branchial hearts, feeding the gills, each surrounding the larger systemic heart that pumps blood around the body. The hearts have a faint greenish appearance and are surrounded by the renal sacs - the main excretory system of the squid. The kidneys are faint and difficult to identify and stretch from the hearts (located at the posterior side of the ink sac) to the liver. The systemic heart is made of three chambers, a lower ventricle and two upper auricles.

[edit] Head

The head end of the squid bears 8 arms and 2 tentacles (species in the bigfin squid group have 10 identical arms), each a form of muscular hydrostat containing many suckers along the edge. These tentacles do not grow back if severed. In the mature male squid, one basal half of the left ventral tentacle is hectocotylised — and ends in a copulatory pad rather than suckers. It is used for intercourse between mature males and females.

The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of chitin^[2] and cross-linked proteins, and is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain any minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species.^[3] Captured whales often have squid beaks in their stomachs, the beak being the only indigestible part of the squid. The mouth contains the radula (the rough tongue common to all molluscs except bivalvia and aplacophora).

The eyes, found on either side of the head, each contain a hard lens. The lens is focused through movement, much like the lens of a camera or telescope, rather than changing shape as the lens in the human eye does.

Shells

Shells
Indonesian From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see shells (disambiguation)
Blood clams Anadara granosa

Kerang darah Anadara granosa

Shellfish are aquatic animals, including soft-bodied animals (mollusks).
Mollusk useful
Coques.jpg
Seafood ( "seafood")
Abalon
Scallops
Shells
Periwinkel
Kupang
Oysters
Simping
Squid
Octopus
Cuttlefish
Fishing industry
Aquaculture
This box: view • talk • edit

Shells are common sense and do not have a biological meaning, but its use and used widely in economic activity.

* In the broadest sense, means all mollusk shells with a pair of shells (see Bivalvia). With this understanding, more precisely people call shellfish and clam commensurate with the meaning used in the United States. Examples of such usage can be seen in the term "craft of shells".
* The shell can also mean all the shellfish that lives attached to an object. Into it, including the types that can be eaten, such as blood clams and mussels (awung Kupang), but not including the types that can be eaten but lay in the sand or water base, such as the seashell and mussels.
* Scallops are also used to describe a variety of shellfish shell thick, chalky, with a radial pattern on the shell is firm. In this sense, the mussels are not included in it and is more accurately called Kupang. Understanding the closest in English is the Cockle.
* In the narrowest sense, the shell is referred to as blood clams (Anadara granosa), a type of shellfish cultivation is common in the Indo-Pacific region and many are sold in shops or restaurants that sell seafood.

[edit] General Characteristics

Indonesian From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see shells (disambiguation)
Blood clams Anadara granosa

Shellfish are aquatic animals, including soft-bodied animals (mollusks).
Mollusk useful
Coques.jpg
Seafood ( "seafood")
Abalon
Scallops
Shells
Periwinkel
Kupang
Oysters
Simping
Squid
Octopus
Cuttlefish
Fishing industry
Aquaculture
This box: view • talk • edit

Shells are common sense and do not have a biological meaning, but its use and used widely in economic activity.

* In the broadest sense, means all mollusk shells with a pair of shells (see Bivalvia). With this understanding, more precisely people call shellfish and clam commensurate with the meaning used in the United States. Examples of such usage can be seen in the term "craft of shells".
* The shell can also mean all the shellfish that lives attached to an object. Into it, including the types that can be eaten, such as blood clams and mussels (awung Kupang), but not including the types that can be eaten but lay in the sand or water base, such as the seashell and mussels.
* Scallops are also used to describe a variety of shellfish shell thick, chalky, with a radial pattern on the shell is firm. In this sense, the mussels are not included in it and is more accurately called Kupang. Understanding the closest in English is the Cockle.
* In the narrowest sense, the shell is referred to as blood clams (Anadara granosa), a type of shellfish cultivation is common in the Indo-Pacific region and many are sold in shops or restaurants that sell seafood.

[edit] General Characteristics

patin

Ikan Patin
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Ikan Patin
Iridescent shark.jpg
Status pemuliharaan
Secure
Welding scientific
Nature: Haiwan
Phylum: Bertulang back
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Pangasiidae
Genus: Pangasius
Species: P. hypophthalmus
Binomial name
Pangasius hypophthalmus
(Sauvage, 1878)


Ikan Patin Pangasius saintifiknya name or Sutchi is spesis freshwater fish species inhabiting meserba regions rivers and crater-quarry.

Form primarily fizikal has two stings on the right and one left behind the body, not flaky and soft. Saiznya may mencecah 1 meter long and can reach a weight of 20kg. Spesis main diet is fish children, the fruit of the river, shrimp and dead animals.

This fish has sparked controversy in Malaysia kerana mencecah price may RM180.00 sekilogram around the country especially in Pahang which have been identified as an area that has a river that seeks to achieve the best catfish fishing, and delicious food. Cooking the fish identiti for this is tempoyak goulash. Fish catfish has a high commercial value and diternak in ponds and in the cage-cage. There are several types of fish catfish commonly recognized of these is:

Status pemuliharaan
Secure

1. Catfish ponds
2. River catfish
1. patin buah
2. Catfish Mucung
3. Champion catfish.

catfish

Eel-tailed catfish

Catfish (order Siluriformes) are a diverse group of bony fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the heaviest, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia and the longest, the wels catfish of Eurasia, to detritivores (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru, Vandellia cirrhosa. There are armour-plated types and also naked types, neither having scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels; members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and swimbladder. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus Corydoras, are important in the aquarium hobby.

Contents [hide] 1 Distribution and habitat 2 Physical characteristics 2.1 External anatomy of catfish 2.2 Size 2.3 Internal anatomy 3 Catfish as food 4 Aquaculture 5 Catfish as invasive species 6 Dangers to humans 7 Taxonomy 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Distribution and habitat

Extant catfish species live in inland or coastal waters of every continent except Antarctica. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another.^[1] Catfish are most diverse in tropical South America, Africa, and Asia.^[2] More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the only ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in Madagascar, Australia, and New Guinea.^[3]

They are found in freshwater environments of all kinds, though most inhabit shallow, running water.^[3] Representatives of at least eight families are hypogean (live underground) with three families that are also troglobitic (inhabiting caves).^[4][5] One such species is Phreatobius cisternarum, known to live underground in phreatic habitats.^[6] Numerous species from the families Ariidae and Plotosidae, and a few species from among the Aspredinidae and Bagridae, are found in salt water.^[7][8]

[edit] Physical characteristics

[edit] External anatomy of catfish

Most catfish are bottom feeders. In general, they are negatively buoyant, which means that they will usually sink rather than float due to a reduced gas bladder and a heavy, bony head.^[3] Catfish have a variety of body shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattened ventrum to allow for benthic feeding.^[3]

A flattened head allows for digging through the substrate as well as perhaps serving as a hydrofoil. Most have a mouth that can expand to a large size and contains no incisiform teeth; catfish generally feed through suction or gulping rather than biting and cutting prey.^[3] However, some families, notably Loricariidae and Astroblepidae, have a suckermouth that allows them to fasten themselves to objects in fast-moving water. Catfish also have a maxilla reduced to a support for barbels; this means that they are unable to protrude their mouths as other fish such as carp.^[3]

The channel catfish has four pairs of barbels.

Catfish may have up to four pairs of barbels: nasal, maxillary (on each side of mouth), and two pairs of chin barbels, although pairs of barbels may be absent, depending on the species. Because their barbels are more important in detecting food, the eyes on catfish are generally small. Like other ostariophysans, they are characterized by the presence of a Weberian apparatus.^[1] Their well-developed Weberian apparatus and reduced gas bladder allow for improved hearing as well as sound production.^[3]

The armor plates are evident in Corydoras semiaquilus.

Catfish have no scales; their bodies are often naked. In some species, the mucus-covered skin is used in cutaneous respiration, where the fish breathes through its skin.^[3] In some catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates called scutes; some form of body armor appears in various ways within the order. In loricarioids and in the Asian genus Sisor, the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of free dermal plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens of Lithodoras. These plates may be supported by vertebral processes, as in scoloplacids and in Sisor, but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family Amphiliidae) and in hoplomyzontines (Aspredinidae), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor of doradids, Sisor, and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied lateral line ossicles with dorsal and ventral lamina.^[9]

A sting from the striped eel catfish, Plotosus lineatus, may be fatal.

All catfish, except members of Malapteruridae (electric catfish), possess a strong, hollow, bonified leading spine-like ray on their dorsal and pectoral fins. As a defense, these spines may be locked into place so that they stick outwards, which can inflict severe wounds.^[2] In several species catfish can use these fin rays to deliver a stinging protein if the fish is irritated.^[10] This venom is produced by glandular cells in the epidermal tissue covering the spines.^[1] In members of the family Plotosidae, and of the genus Heteropneustes, this protein is so strong it may hospitalize humans unfortunate enough to receive a sting; in Plotosus lineatus, the stings may result in death.^[1]

Juvenile catfish, like most fish, have relatively large heads, eyes and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases identification of the genus is possible. As far as known for most catfish, features that are often characteristic of species such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation pattern is also similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfishes generally resemble and develop smoothly into their adult form without distinct juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are the ariid catfishes, where the young retain yolk sacs late into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may have elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns.^[11]

Sexual dimorphism is reported in about half of all families of catfish.^[12] The modification of the anal fin into an intromittent organ (in internal fertilizers) as well as accessory structures of the reproductive apparatus (in both internal and external fertilizers) have been described in species belonging to 11 different families.